![]() ![]() We have developed a three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code (ARTES) for scattered light simulations in (exo)planetary atmospheres. ![]() We want to understand how 3D atmospheric asymmetries affect the polarization signal in order to assess the potential of infrared polarimetry for direct imaging observations of planetary-mass companions. We aim to investigate the effect of latitudinal and longitudinal cloud variations, circumplanetary disks, atmospheric oblateness, and cloud particle properties on the integrated degree and direction of polarization in the near-infrared. Scattering in a horizontally-inhomogeneous atmosphere causes the disk-integrated polarization of the thermal radiation to be linearly polarized, possibly detectable with the newest generation of high-contrast imaging instruments.Īims. Direct imaging has paved the way for atmospheric characterization of young and self-luminous gas giants. Waters 2 ,1ġ Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The NetherlandsĮ-mail: SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, SorbonnelCA Utrecht, The Netherlandsģ Aerospace Engineering Department, Technical University Delft, KluyverHS, Delft, The NetherlandsĤ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyĬontext. Astronomical objects: linking to databases. ![]()
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